Conflict Theory A Sociological Theory - 1617 Words

Conflict Theory is a sociological theory that views society as a competition for limited resources rather than a system of equilibrium like some sociological theories claim. Instead of saying that everyone is acting the general interest of society, Conflict Theory claims that the only interests that people are concerned with in society are themselves. Due to the fact that resources are limited, organizations and people who are able to get ahold of some of this limited resources will continue to use them in order to stay in power. However, social problems begin to arise when the groups with more resources than others become dominant. The dominant groups will always find a way to stay in power because they are not keen on risking this power†¦show more content†¦There are many faucets of life where women are not given the resources that men are. In politics, the UN says that less than twenty percent of congressional seats are held by women and women are only a quarter of state legislative bodies. The United States is ranked seventy-second in countries for political equality through gender. A main reason for this problem is political funding and how it is mostly channeled through the patriarchy. It is harder for women to get a hold on this limited resource, campaign donations, because large corporations are more inclined to funnel their money to the male challengers rather than to the female challengers. Before one can even begin campaigning, they need to be able to raise the money to support the arduous task that is campaigning and, therefore, those politicians with better connections to fundraisers are more likely to win, rather than the politicians who actually have a good vision for this country. These male political networks cut off a valuable resource for women which are a key component on running in an election, much less being able to win it. Stereotypes that are given to women as well as unfair representations of women in media platforms is a huge reason as to why women are unable to get these political networks to campaign for them. Some are convinced that if Hillary Clinton not been married to Bill Clinton and did not have his powerful last name to run on, less peopleShow MoreRelatedClassical Sociological Theories and Social Conflicts1315 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: The ideas of classical sociological theorists Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim, played an important role in the development of sociology. These theories help explain social conflicts and struggles that have taken place in past centuries. They can also be applied to social problems today, as most of them are similar to social issues of the past or effects of past issues. Some important points covered by these theorists are the roles of rationalization, bureaucracy, religion,Read MoreSocial Conflict Theory : The Sociological Theories Of Domestic Violence1753 Words   |  8 PagesThe term sociological imagination was developed by American sociolog ist C. Wright Mills to explain the relevance of everyday issues on a social level. He examines â€Å"personal troubles and how they can be understood in terms of large-scale patterns that extend beyond individual experience that are part of society and history† (The Promise of Sociology, 5). In the reading, Mills went on to express how personal trouble is a public issue and that one must understand his or her own history before they canRead MoreThe Sociological World : Functionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism978 Words   |  4 Pagesmacro levels, studying the cultures and patterns of people (Keirns et al., 2015, p. 6). Sociologists use sociological imagination, a term created by C. 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Observation of the family, not just the infant may detect a problem before itRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism900 Words   |  4 PagesExplain the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Identify which perspectives use a macro level or a micro level of analysis. Apply each perspective to socialization. Functionalism – Macro Level – This means that each person has a specific function and that each society works together to achieve what is best. For example, my 2 boys attend a public school. The school is funded by taxes I pay as well as neighbors who do not have any childrenRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory And Symbolic Interactions882 Words   |  4 Pagesthree main sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactions. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions a sociologist could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual, and how that individual connects to a specific societal location or setting and specifically at religion a sociological study couldRead MoreSimilarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime890 Words   |  4 PagesSimilarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime Walden University Similarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime Sociological theories of crime contain a great deal of useful information in the understanding of criminal behavior. Sociological theories are very useful in the study of criminal behavior because unlike psychological and biological theories they are mostly macro level theories which attempt to explain rates of crime for a group or an area ratherRead MoreSociological Perspective Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to construct an essay and define the sociological perspective. To be able to explain how my knowledge of the Sociological Perspective has helped me to understand the social world on both a macro and micro level. This essay will include the definition, discussion and application of specific sociological terms, concepts and theories. The study of sociology brings people to view topics in a unique way than others. The way we see the world, human behavior, as well as itsRead MoreSociology 210 Study Guide1129 Words   |  5 PagesChapter One: The Sociological Perspective I. The Sociological Perspective. A. Sociology is the systematic study of human society. B. The sociological perspective (Berger, 1963) helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals (the general in the particular). C. It also encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds — to see the strange in the familiar (Berger, 1963). D. Sociology also encourages us to see personal choice in social contextRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Conflict Theory972 Words   |  4 PagesThe sociological perspective is a way of looking at the world through a â€Å"sociological lens†. In order to best use the sociological perspective, it is important to use a â€Å"beginner’s mind†, which is essentially seeing things in a new light and leaving behind all preconceptions. The macro level of the social world examines large-scale social structures, while the micro level of the social world involves face-to-face and small-group interactions. Both macrosociology and microsociology attempt to better

Avant-Garde fashion history Free Essays

string(77) " designs might have been lassie as avian-garden, it is not truly innovative\." Context Page Introduction 2 History of avian-garden 2-3 Avian-garden in fashion history 3 Contemporary fashion and avian-garden 3 Discussion of Suzan Hens’ autumn/ winter collection 4 Discussion of Assistant Louse’s 2011 autumn/winter collections-5 Discussion of Black Coffee’s 2013 winter collection 5-6 Discussion of Luda Inglenooks 2012 autumn/winter collection 6-7 Discussion of Taboo Machete’s 2012 collection 7 Conclusion 7-8 List of Illustrations 9-13 List of References 14-15 What is avian-garden and how does it fit into South African contemporary fashion design? In order for one to determine if you are for or against avian-garden, and pacifically in relations to South African avian-garden, one must first define avian- garden and explore the origin and history of the movement. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Art, avian-garden is defined as â€Å"a term originally used to describe the foremost part of an army advancing into battle (also called vanguard) and now applied to a group, particularly of artist, that considers itself innovative and ahead of the majority’ (Chillers, 2004:42). Avian-garden therefore refers to designs that are new, innovative and cutting edge. We will write a custom essay sample on Avant-Garde fashion history or any similar topic only for you Order Now South African avian-garden is presently a very small part of the local fashion industry, UT it is a developing fashion trend with great potential. South African avian-garden designers are constantly pushing the envelope in order to stretch the minds of the consumers and other designers. This carries great potential for the South African fashion industry as well as the economy, for if the designers succeed to be truly avian-garden, it is bound to have a positive outcome. I am therefore arguing for the existence and development of South African avian-garden and will be discussing Suzan Hens’ 2011 autumn/winter range, die form, Assistant Louis 2011 autumn/ winter range, Black Coffee’s 2013 winter range, WREATHE, Luda Inglenook’ 2012 autumn/winter range, Anamosa, as well as Taboo Machete’s 2012 range, Kabob EAI Balboa. Avian-garden first made its appearance in art during die late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. A small group of artist decided to break away from the rules that bound artist into creating only an established style of art. They actively attacked the institution of art in order to separate and detach themselves from it, but also to reincorporate themselves and their art into life (Berger, 1984: xvii). The first avian- garden art appeared is the Italian Futurism, French Cubism and German Expressionism movements. These movements were so different due to their fundamentally new aspirations and origins in relation between the artist and the world as well as the subject and the object. Dadaism, Surrealism and Constructivism followed soon after, continuing in these aspirations (Cabooses, 1971 : 53). During the late twentieth century, the fashion century came to an end and postposition came into being. This new fashion movement is expressed in the reversal of the relationship between the fashion designer and follower. Since the ass’s, fashion is no longer initiated by the aristocracy or the bourgeoisie and then hefted down to the general public, but now introduced by the general publics street style where after it moves into the salons of haute couture where it is adapted and mimicked (Vine, 2005: 63). In the ass’s, fashion designers started implementing the use of non-fashionable elements to create the avian-garden fashion beyond fashion. Western Paris-based fashion designs and ideas were shattered and the idea of dressing oneself as a ‘man’, Woman’ or ‘lady became an out of date concept. The avian-garden fashion trend aimed to expose the old function of clothes that classified people into groups of age, gender and status (Geeky, 2012:103). Furthermore, avian- garden designers aimed to shock the public and not to create beautiful and luxurious clothing (Vine, 2005: 64). Today, contemporary civilization is so desensitizing to norms and values that designers struggle to succeed in using the shock treatment as a way to draw attention to their work. It is also very difficult for designers to create totally new designs, for almost everything has been done before. Due to this, as a designer, avian-garden is such a difficult movement to be apart of. South African designers therefore also tend not to be a part of the avian-garden movement, but to follow the European trends and use it as part of their design inspiration. A few South African designers has accepted the challenge of designing avian-garden garments, but are they really a match for the famous and established avian-garden designers or are they simply following in the footsteps of other avian-garden designers? In case study 1, Suzan Hens’ 2011 autumn/ winter range is depicted. This range’s name is â€Å"die form†, because she drew her inspiration from the anatomy of the human body (Hens, 2011). When one looks at the images, one can see that in some instances, continues lines are used to depict the flow and natural rhythm of the human body. Her aim was to reveal the inside of the body on the exterior of a garment, thus creating an exoskeleton (Hens, 2011). This is evident in every design due to the different techniques that she implemented. In this collection one can also see that the muscular and skeletal systems are taken and distorted and warped to create remarkable designs. The fracture shapes in the garments, also contributes to an anatomical silhouette. Suzan describes her collection and says â€Å"it is about inner symbolism, looking at our inner physiology and taking it outside which in turn represents the unveiling of our hidden psyche† (Hens, 2011). Suzan Hens is one of South Africans leading avian-garden fashion designers, but does her designs live up to the standards and definition of true avian-garden design? Although her range has a very interesting concept, and forms such an excellent collection, it is not truly avian-garden, for it has been done before. In 2010, Gucci had a range inspired by x-rays and the same year Jean Paul Guiltier launched his creation as part of the fall collection, inspired by exploring the concept of wearing narrower as outerwear Goanna, 2010). This proves that although her designs might have been lassie as avian-garden, it is not truly innovative. You read "Avant-Garde fashion history" in category "Fashion" She did thus also not set a trend, but followed the trendsetters. In case study 2, one can see Assistant Louse’s 2011 autumn/winter collection. In this collection, he uses different layers of fabric to represent an exploration of self- expression in the context of social, sexual and traditional cultures. At the same time it also comments on our perception of an African aesthetic (Melange, 2011). Assistant was inspired by the way that different cultures wrapped their cloths, especially the Mass’ and Indian cultures as well as the ancient Greeks (Mulberry: 2011). He also explored with African aesthetics in his collection, which can be seen in the beaded necklines. His collaboration of different cultures’ way of wrapping their clothing, led to a balance of colonial and nomadic styles. In this collection, a diverse range of high-wasted peg-leg trousers can be seen along with harem pants and pleated shoulder shawls. Loose fabrics are also used to create these different kinds of wraps and loose silhouettes. The warm and earthy colors, such as mud-grey, brown, blue, red and burnt orange, also refer back to African aesthetics. These colors bring the collection and theme to life. Colorful belts that are wrapped and folded over loose vests as well as over-sized neck pieces are also some of the accessories and styling that contributes to the feel of the overall range (Mulberry, 2011). Assistant Low is viewed as one of South Africans up and coming avian-garden designers, but these designs can not be classified as truly avian-garden. The use of fabrics, such as t-shirt fabric, and the combination of clothing items might be a new addition to traditional culture’s wrapping cloths or way of styling, but that does not make it avian-garden. As soon as a designer uses another culture’s clothing as inspiration, the ND product is likely not to be avian-garden, for it has mostly been done before. The third case study is Black Coffee’s 2013 winter range, WREATHE. This range entwines together contemporary engineering and fabrics with classic and feminine silhouettes. The textures that is clearly visible and one of the key elements of this collection, is created by braiding industrial felt and the layering of mesh panels. In this collection, Black Coffee experimented with the sculptural process of carving, where the shape is exposed within and not constructed by the foundational material (Black Coffee, 2012). This also served as their inspiration for the range. With this collection, Black Coffee hoped to create a ‘collection that captivates by precision and seduces through romantic imagination’ (Black Coffee, 2012). This collection uses a very soft and feminine color palette in order to convey the romantic feel and to highlight the classic silhouettes. It also uses the classic clothing elements such as high-wasted pants, coats and dresses but change them in such a way that they appear as innovative garments. In 2009, Given launched a spring range with a dress that appears to be very similar to some of Black Coffee’s 2013 winter designs (Style, 2012). Although that is the case, Black Coffee can still be viewed as an avian-garden designer, for it creates truly innovative designs that are beautiful and functional at the same time. In case study 4, Luda Inglenooks 2012 autumn/winter range, Anamosa, are depicted. His inspiration for the designs is traditional Xhosa bodywork, craft, symbolism and colors. He uses these in knitwear made of mohair and merino wool in order for mammograms, Xhosa initiates, to wear it after they have gone through the initiation process (Inglenook, 2012). This knitwear depicts his cultural aesthetics and is very practical at the same time. AAA of his designs is contemporary and yet culturally applicable and brings the Xhosa aesthetics to any outfit (Design Indaba, 2013). One can clearly see the use of the Xhosa patterns and the bodywork inspiration in the Jersey designs. They are also colorful, true to the Xhosa traditional colors. Furthermore, Luda has succeeded in creating garments that is formal enough for the mammograms to wear, for they traditionally have to wear formal clothing for up to six months after the initiation process, to symbolize their newly found manhood Inglenook, 2012). This Jersey-knitwear does not seem to be avian-garden design, but no knitwear has been made using Xhosa patterns and bodywork as inspiration before. If one looks at the definition of avian-garden, stating that a design should be innovative to be classified as avian-garden design, then Luda’s Anamosa range can be classified as avian-garden design. Case study 5 depicts Taboo Machete’s 2012 range, Kabob EAI Balboa, meaning blanket of the prestige (Design Indaba, 2013). Taboo uses Bassist blankets to create stunning coats and handbags. The handbags are made out of the blanket scraps, in order to eliminate as much waste as possible. By up-cycling the blankets, Taboo is also contributing to a â€Å"greener† society (Macbeth, 2013). Traditional Sotto patterns can be seen in the coats, as they are traditionally on Bassist blankets. These blanket coats can certainly be classified as avian-garden, for it is cutting edge, and has not been done before. There is currently a blanket trend amongst males, but none that include fashioning clothing out of blankets. The trend merely includes males draping blankets with fashionable patterns around their neck and shoulders, almost like an over-sized scarf (Bogart, 2013). Contemporary South African fashion does not really include avian-garden fashion designs. Most trends are simply copied from European fashion trends, for we are a season behind. Therefore South Africa has a very small, yet developing avian-garden fashion movement seen in the designs of fashion designers such as Suzan Hens, Assistant Low, Black Coffee, Luda Inglenook and Taboo Macbeth. These designers’ works would most likely not be classified as avian-garden by famous European designers, but from a South African point of view, they would qualify. Just like the small group of artists that broke away from the bounding rules of revises established art styles, our small South African group of designers is attempting avian-garden design. They may not be the leaders of the pack, but they are certainly contending and attacking the system of following European trends. Although I have now seen that South African avian-garden is really limited and almost none existing, I am still arguing for the development of South African fashion design. I believe that the success of being truly avian-garden will lead to exposure and publicity for the country, which in turn will lead to a positive economic outcome. 2003 words List of Illustrations Case Study 1: Suzan Hens Suzan Hens, Die Form, Audiometer 2011. How to cite Avant-Garde fashion history, Essays

Employee Engagement Benefits-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthlep.com

Questions: 1.The Potential Benefits and Outcomes of High Levels of Employee Engagement. 2.The various Employee Engagement Strategies the Organisation should consider. Answers: Introduction In this report, the main focus is given on the employee engagement benefits and strategies that should be taken into consideration by the pharmaceutical company situated in Malaysia. Employee engagement is essential for the organization to survive in the competitive environment. Employee engagement is a workplace approach that gives right condition to all the employees of the organization. It helps the organization to attain the goals and objectives in an effective manner. Employee engagement should be there as it helps to motivate the employees to work in an efficient manner so that the organization can easily attain success in the competitive environment. It is seen that if the employees are efficient and give their best, then there are many strategies that are discussed in this report to be considered by the organization. So, in this report, potential benefits and outcomes and also the strategies that should be taken into consideration by the company will be discussed. The potential benefits and outcomes of high levels of employee engagement Employee engagement is related to the employees who are working in the organization. Employees who feel passionate about their jobs and also committed to the organization are essential to survive in the competitive environment. If the organization does not have potential employees to conduct the activities, then it can be very difficult to attain the profitability in an effective manner. There are many benefits that are related to the employee engagement. Employee satisfaction: It is also considered as one of the essential factors for the organization. The research shows that if the employees of the organization are involved with the company, then it is seen that the job satisfaction levels enhances. The employees who are satisfied and involved in conducting the activities of the organization are considered as an important part. It is very difficult for the organization to find out the employee who is dedicated towards the work (Purce, 2014). The company has dedicated and efficient employee, then it can be easy to accomplish goals and objectives. The employees of the organization should have a high level of commitment and also loyalty then only it can be easy for the company to attain success. The employees who are satisfied with the job play a key role in the organization. The employees conduct the activities as an ambassador of the organization. To attain the profitability and also to enhance the image of the company is in the hand of the employees. The satisfied employees promote and support the company's mission, strategy and brand. Productivity: The employees who are dedicated towards the work are often considered as a top performer and those who are committed to go extra mile are able to attain the business success in an effective manner. If the employees of the organization become more engaged then it is evaluated that the absenteeism reduces and the motivation level of the employee's increases. When the motivation level enhances then the direct impact is seen on the increase of the productivity level. It states that the more engaged the employees are the more efficiency can be attained. The strong employee engagement gives various outcomes that are beneficial for the employees and the customers. For example: It is seen that the top quartile organizations have low absentees and turnover. The employees who are involved with their job and also with the employer are more productive. It is due to the motivation factor that gives more emphasis on enhancing the efficiency and also helps to achieve the success of the organization. Retention and recruitment: To retain good employees is one of the key successes of every organization. Employees who have engaged actively in conducting the activities reduce the risk of turnover for the company. It is seen that the engaged employees give their best to attain the success of the company and also they become more loyal. When the employees of the organization are satisfied and engaged then it is seen that they conduct the activities for a long term in the organization. The workforces who are engaged in conducting the activities have enhanced the ability to attract new and qualified employees. Innovation: There is a close link between the innovation and employee engagement. The employees who are dedicated towards the work give their best performance at a higher level and also bring passion and interest to their job. It often results to enhance the innovation in the workplace. The employees who are dedicated towards the work have to feel that they have a real stake in the organization. It efficiently creates new products and services. Collaboration in the workplace between the employees and the top management gives the outcome of the overall growth of the organization. By taking into consideration pharmaceutical company it is important to take into consideration innovative strategies so that the profitability can be increased. Profitability: It is one of the advantages that are attained by the organization with the help of efficient employees. Efficient employees enhance the profitability rates of the organization. It is seen that when the employees are engaged they become more productive and efficient towards the activities of the organization. It also gives a positive impact on the bottom line (Truss, C., Shantz et al., 2013). It is evaluated that in many pharmaceutical companies they have highly engaged employees who give 26 percent higher revenue by taking into consideration per employee. If the organization has more efficient and productive employees, then the operating costs can be reduced and also the profit margin can be enhanced. In the pharmaceutical company, the company can attain profitability by taking into consideration employee engagement. If the company has effective employee engagement, then it can be seen that the success can be easily achieved. Enhancement in the employee loyalty: The advantage of having engaged employees is that it gives best towards the company and also they are loyal and conduct the activities like an ambassador of the company. To find out the customer loyalty the company can easily find out by taking into consideration employee net promoter service. It is used to measure the customer loyalty and also it has enhanced the feeling of the employees that would give direct impact on the customer satisfaction level. Employee loyalty is important, as it is seen if the employee is loyal towards the job then it can give a positive impact on the overall profitability of the organization. It also helps the company to achieve the goals and objectives in an effective manner (Anitha, 2014). There are also many factors that affect employee engagement like: Strategic alignment: The employees work in line where the business is going to be conducted and also it helps to attain the profitability of the organization. Trust in the senior leadership: This is also one of the factors that give effect on the customer engagement. The trust should be maintained to follow senior leaders and also to enhance the trust between the employees of the organization. Trust is animportant factor for attaining success and also to increase the employee engagement. It is important to maintain proper trust with the senior leadership so that they can give the directions in a proper manner. Peer culture: Effective peer culture can enhance the employee engagement and also it helps to enhance the productivity of the employees and drives the performance of the organization. If there is proper peer culture in the organization, then it can give a positive impact on the productivity level of the organization (Sparrow, Brewster and Chung, 2016). Personal influence: The employees who feel can strive to conduct the activities in a better way and also it takes into consideration innovative ideas that can be beneficial for the organization (Swarnalatha and Prasanna, 2013). Manager working relationship: The quality of the management team gives direct impact on the performance and also on retention of the employees. If the management is proper then it can give positive impact and can also enhance the productivity level in an effective manner. The managers should try to maintain proper relations with the employees so that the information can be conveyed easily without any problem. Relationship with the employees is the important factor that should be given focus so that the organization can attain the profitability in an effective manner (Shields, Brown et al., 2015). Career Support: To provide employees with the opportunity is related to the development of the jobs. It gives employees the confidence to conduct the activities of the organization in a smooth manner. If the company provides career support to the organization, then it is seen that the employees get attracted towards the company for the job. By taking into consideration the recent scenario, it is analyzed that people are more attracted to the companies that offer various benefits that can be useful to enhance their career opportunities (Derks, Duin, Tims and Bakker, 2015). Nature of the job: To offer employees with the jobs that are designed to challenge them is good and also it is related to the employee's skills and qualifications. Development opportunities: This is also one of the essential factors that affect the employee engagement (Storey, 2014). It offers employees with the jobs that are not only designed with formal learning programs but also with the opportunity to attain the skills and knowledge of the jobs. There are various development opportunities for the employees of the organization. If they grab it at right time, then it can be beneficial for them. In the pharmaceutical company, it is seen the more knowledge and employee possess, the more success can be attained. It helps the employees to earn incentives by marketing their product in a proper way (Albrecht, Bakker et al., 2015). Pay fairness: This is also one of the major factors of the employee engagement in this the employees are motivated if the wages are paid equally. To motivate employees it is important to implement equitable pay linked to the performance and also to the type of the company. It is essential that equal wages should be given to the employees so that they can work with full dedication and conduct the activities in an effective manner (Mishra, Boynton and Mishra, 2014). 2.Various employee engagement strategies that should be taken into consideration by the company Retaining employees is important for the business, as employees are considered as heart and soul of the business. They are considered as a mechanism that helps the business to run the organization smoothly and also assist to implement idea and policies of the management. It is evaluated that the good management intends to retain the talented employees, who have the capability to conduct the task faithfully and also to work in an effective manner. The business sector offers attractive incentives to the employees if the individual gives best towards the work. The employer tries to offer all the facilities to the employees and also expects the similar return in the form of enhancement in the production level (Saks and Gruman, 2014). Inefficient employees affect the employer and also give negative impact on the overall profitability of the organization. In various cases, inefficient employees give impact on the customers by giving an improper response and also with the rude behavior. If the customer has a bad experience with the employee then it automatically affects the organization. In all the cases the overall sales and production get affected. If the customer feels disheartened then it is difficult for the organization to achieve the goals and objectives (Herrera, 2015). The strategy that should be considered by the organization for employee engagement is to get the right employees so that the work can be managed by moving things in the right direction from the beginning. Once an employee puts efforts into conducting the activities, the work environment will automatically be streamlined (Bakker, 2014). The pharmaceutical company should also create a flexible work environment. The team r the employees should be given freedom to attain the results without giving emphasis on micromanagement (Laszlo and Zhexembayeva, 2017). Proper development of metrics should be there so that the behavior can be monitored. The employees should be motivated to attain the results of the organization. If the employees want some benefits like holidays, or flexibility in the timing then it should be given, so that they can give their best towards the work without carrying any stress. It is also important to give emphasis on the bottom line and not on the timing spent in the office. If the flexibility is there in the organization then employee engagement is also increased. Flexible work environment helps the employees to be happy and also satisfied with the job or the activities that are assigned (Demerouti, Bakker and Leiter, 2014). Invest in training and development is also one of the important strategies that should be considered for enhancing the activities of the organization. The employer should increase the importance of fostering the growth and also of the learning pattern to bring best efforts by the employees. The company should develop In-house training departments so that it can lead to enhancement in the internal rotational programs and commit the employees towards the organization. Once the feeling arises in the employees, that the company invested in them it can give success to the organization (Alfes, Shantz, Truss and Soane, 2013). It is important for the organization to enhance the knowledge of the employees so that they can easily conduct the activities assigned to them. If they don't have proper knowledge then it can be difficult for the organization to accomplish the goals and objectives in a proper way. So, the pharmaceutical company should give focus on the training and development to conduct the activities in a smooth manner (Mone and London, 2014). The next strategy that should be taken into consideration is related to the respect that should be given to the employee's needs for work and life balance. As an employer, it is the responsibility to take into consideration holistic approach for the welfare of the employees. Work arrangements help to implement the flexible hours and also should offer part-time jobs. The company should give focus on offering work-life balance so that the customer engagement can be increased in a smooth manner (Carmeli, Dutton and Hardin, 2015). Work and life balance are important for the organization, as it is seen that the company can easily enhance the customer engagement proper work and life balance is given to the employees of the organization. This strategy not only gives support to the employees but also helps the organization to compete in the competitive environment (Breevaart, K., Bakker et al., 2014). Maintain open channels of communication. Proper channels of communication should be maintained to that the employees can communicate easily without any interference. It is also essential to make sure that proper encouragement of the employees takes place and also to maintain proper communication by giving proper direction, mission, and vision of the company. To conduct the regular employee appraisals is required as it allows for feedback and also gives permission to raise the concerns with proper expectations (Kumar and Pansari, 2016). Employee engagement can be increased by making proper discussion of the goals and long and short-term objectives. Listening to the employees even when the request cannot be met helps to enhance the loyalty of the employees. The successful employee engagement needs honest and constructive feedback on a regular basis. The feedback helps as a motivational tool and also as a challenging talent in the right direction that builds strength and also that considers the weakness (Armstrong and Taylor,2014). The pharmaceutical company should also give focus on creating an environment of diversity and inclusion. The employees who feel valued and respected give positive impact on the bottom line of the company. It is important to give focus on the coaching programs so that it can help the employees to understand the strength and priorities for attaining the goals and objectives of the organization (Sorenson, 2013). The next strategy that should be considered for employee engagement is concerned with formalizing the reward and recognition programs. The employer of the organization should make sure that the formal mechanism should be considered for evaluating and rewarding the employees. They should give focus on rewarding the employees according to their performance. If the employees are giving a good performance then should be given incentives or various other benefits, so that they can give their best towards the work. A meritocratic environment should be driven so that the professionals or the employees can earn the rewards and recognition (Anthony?McMann, Ellinger et al., 2017). If the employees are performing above the expectation level then extra benefit should be given to the employees, so that they also feel motivated. If the employees are given incentives according to the performance level, then it is evaluated that they give their best so that they can earn incentives easily. In many cases, it is analyzed that if the employee is given rewards then they try to meet the expectation level of the customers. To motivate the employees it is also one of the effective techniques that should be taken into consideration by the organization for conducting the activities smoothly (Brewster, Mayrhofer and Morley, 2016). Conclusion By analyzing the report, it is concluded that employee engagement is an important part of the organization. If there is proper employee engagement in the organization, then it can be possible to attain the goals and objectives of the organization. The positive outcomes that are discussed in the report are employee satisfaction, productivity, personal influence, innovation, retention, enhancement in the customer loyalty and profitability. It is essential for the organization to give emphasis on the employee engagement so that the employees can feel motivated and can conduct their activities effectively. There should also be proper strategies that should be taken into consideration by the organization so that the employees can be engaged and retained in the organization for a long time. In the last phase of the report, the discussion is made on the strategies that should be considered by the organization to enhance customer engagement. The strategies that are discussed are a flexible work environment, training and development, work and life balance, open communication channel, diversity and inclusion and formalizing the reward and recognition programs. These all are the strategies that should be taken into consideration by the pharmaceutical company situated in Malaysia. If these strategies are implemented effectively then goals and objectives can be accomplished in a proper manner References Albrecht, S.L., Bakker, A.B., Gruman, J.A., Macey, W.H. and Saks, A.M., 2015. Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,2(1), pp.7-35. Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Anthony?McMann, P.E., Ellinger, A.D., Astakhova, M. and Halbesleben, J.R., 2017. Exploring different operationalizations of employee engagement and their relationships with workplace stress and burnout.Human Resource Development Quarterly,28(2), pp.163-195. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bakker, A.B., 2014. Daily fluctuations in work engagement.European Psychologist. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O.K. and Espevik, R., 2014. Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(1), pp.138-157. Brewster, C., Mayrhofer, W. and Morley, M. eds., 2016.New challenges for European resource management. Springer. Carmeli, A., Dutton, J.E. and Hardin, A.E., 2015. Respect as an engine for new ideas: Linking respectful engagement, relational information processing and creativity among employees and teams.human relations,68(6), pp.1021-1047. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B. and Leiter, M., 2014. Burnout and job performance: The moderating role of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies.Journal of occupational health psychology,19(1), p.96. Derks, D., Duin, D., Tims, M. and Bakker, A.B., 2015. Smartphone use and workhome interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,88(1), pp.155-177. Herrera, M.E.B., 2015. Creating competitive advantage by institutionalizing corporate social innovation.Journal of Business Research,68(7), pp.1468-1474. Kumar, V. and Pansari, A., 2016. Competitive advantage through engagement.Journal of Marketing Research,53(4), pp.497-514. Laszlo, C. and Zhexembayeva, N., 2017.Embedded sustainability: The next big competitive advantage. Routledge. Mishra, K., Boynton, L. and Mishra, A., 2014. Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), pp.183-202. Mone, E.M. and London, M., 2014.Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Saks, A.M. and Gruman, J.A., 2014. What do we really know about employee engagement?.Human Resource Development Quarterly,25(2), pp.155-182. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., O'Leary, P., Robinson, J. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Sorenson, S., 2013. How employee engagement drives growth.Gallup business journal,1. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C. and Chung, C., 2016.Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Storey, J., 2014.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Swarnalatha, C. and Prasanna, T.S., 2013. Leveraging employee engagement for competitive advantage: Strategic role of HR.Review of HRM,2, p.139. Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, E., Alfes, K. and Delbridge, R., 2013. Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: exploring the evidence, developing the theory.

Switzerland Essay Example For Students

Switzerland Essay Switzerland is best described by conveying an understanding of its geography, political, economic, cultural and social environments. The geography of the country has had a significant impact on its way of life. Switzerland is bordered by Germany in the north, Austria and the Principality of Liechtenstein in the east, Italy in the south and France in the west. This represents many significant European cultures converging on Switzerland the German speaking region, the French and the Italian. Two thirds of the Swiss population lives in the Plateau, between Lake Geneva and Lake Constance, in 30 percent of the countrys surface area. There are 450 people to every 1 km2 (1,166 per square mile). This makes the country one of the most densely populated regions of Europe and a promising prospect for marketing a product. The country that we know today took its final shape only in 1848. Before that time, we cannot really speak of Swiss history, but rather the history of its various parts, which only gradually came together. Political EnvironmentSwitzerland is a nation shaped by the resolve of its citizens: it is not an ethnic, linguistic or religious entity. Since 1848, it has been a federal state one of 23 in the world and the second oldest after the United States of America. Like the U.S., Switzerland values the idea of federalism and sovereignty, which has ensured its historical survival. The main political parties in Switzerland are the Swiss Peoples Party (SVP), Social-democratic Party (SP), Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Christian Democratic Party (CVP) and the Green Party. The Federal Constitution is the legal foundation of the Confederation. It contains the most important rules for the smooth functioning of the state. It guarantees the basic rights of the people and the participation of the public. It distributes the tasks between the Confederation and the cantons and defines the responsibilities of the authorities. Switzerland has a federal structure with three different political levels:the Federation the cantons the local authorities The Federation is the Swiss designation of the State (the term Confederation is also frequently used). The Federation has authority in all areas in which it is empowered by the Federal Constitution for example, foreign and security policy, customs and monetary policy, legislation that is valid through the country and in other areas that are in the common interest of all Swiss citizens. Tasks which do not expressly fall within the province of the Federation are handled at the next lower level, i.e. by the cantons. The head of state is the federal president; the post is purely ceremonial and rotates annually among the members of the Federal Council. We will write a custom essay on Switzerland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A Federal Council (the executive authority) of seven members elected individually for a four-year term by, but not necessarily from, the two houses of parliament in joint session. After the formation of the coalition between the four major political parties in 1959 (the so-called magic formula), the Federal Council was made up of two members each from the Social-democratic Party, the Radical Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Party, as well as one member of the Swiss Peoples Party. Following the federal election on October 19th 2003, the distribution of seats in the Federal Council changed, with the Swiss Peoples Party increasing its number of seats to two, leaving the Christian Democratic Party with one seat. Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons. There are German-speaking and French-speaking cantons, one Italian-speaking canton and cantons in which both German and French are spoken. In one canton (Graubnden) German, Italian and Rhaeto-Romanic (Rumantsch) are spoken. .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .postImageUrl , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:visited , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:active { border:0!important; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:active , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of speech Analysis EssayEach canton has its own constitution, its government, its parliament, its courts and its laws, though they must, of course, be compatible with those of the Confederation. The cantons enjoy a great deal of administrative autonomy and freedom of decision-making. They have independent control over their education systems and social services, and each has its own police force. Each canton also sets its own level of taxation. Each of the 26 cantons and half-cantons has a parliament elected by universal suffrage, and a government the organization of which varies from canton to canton. In two cantons the principle of universal sovereignty is exercised directly through assemblies of all voters. The cantons are sovereign

Research Paper on Network Devices Security

Research Paper on Network Devices Security Sample Research Paper on Network Devices Security: Many organizations today have large local area networks (LAN) and keeping track of all devices connected to the network is a hard task especially for the IT personnel. As new devices are added to the network and others removed, it is necessary to have an updated record of the devices that actively or passively access the resources of a certain LAN. This could be done by collection of information about these devices, and this process of collection of such information is referred to as network discovery. This information can be; the device’s MAC address, IP address and the services accessed or provided by the device. There are various steps that an organization should follow to determine the needs of an organization in discovering of all devices in a network. First, the organization should consider the resources that are being accessed at a certain time and by which people. This reduces security threats from hackers accessing the network resources or important information. Secondly, the organization should be in a position to monitor the network bandwidth and make sure that it is not slowed down by packets sent by unknown sources. Also an organization should consider easier implementation and assigning of different roles to different devices in accordance to the organization standards. This should include monitoring of softwares installed on different devices, their licenses and when they are due to expire in order to avoid legal problems, and the versions installed for these softwares. Lastly, an organization should consider network discovery devices that incase of a network failure will easily detect that of point of failure and correct the network problem in time. Management software is often used to discover and monitor performance of network devices. Common functions of these softwares are: Detecting the devices accessing a certain network. Monitoring the various processes performed by a device by waiting for the device to send information. This information could be an update or an alert. Keep track of those devices that are accessing the LAN remotely. Tracking the people using the network resources and restricting access of sensitive data. Managing softwares used in a certain organization by keeping track of their license and the current versions of softwares being used. These softwares could be open source or commercial software.Factors that determine the type of software to be used for network discovery are specific to the needs of each organization.Some factors that should be considered should be; the size of the network and the amount of money the organization is willing to set aside. TOOLS AND COUNTERMEASURES TOOLS IP Scanner This is an open source script that is written to automatically ping a range of certain ip addresses or ports and in turn updates the ARP table. This enables the network administrator to know the devices on the network. The tool sends an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST and records the replies in an orderly manner. The shortcoming is that some devices do not receive ICMP messages because of the firewalls installed. Nmap Nmap is an open source utility used to of scan ports of devices by use of their ip address or host name. By doing this, nmap is able to keep track of the devices in a network.It uses both ICMP and TCP ACK packets to scan port 80.The TCP ACK is able to get past devices that do not receive ICMP packets. Its other functionality are the ability to know which services are running on the network, the operating systems running on different devices and the firewall softwares in place among others.It is also discovers remote devices. The disadvantage of nmap software is that it discovers only devices that are operational when scanned. Arpwatch The arpwatch waits for ARP packets and notes the ip address associated to a certain MAC address and keeps this information in a database. Incase the information on the database changes the network administrator is notified by an e-mail. The problem faced by arpwatch is that it is only limited to devices on the LAN and not those accessing remotely thus it can only be used on one network at a time . COUNTERMEASURES Broadcast Sniffing This is a measure that is used to analyze a network traffic so that one can identify problems on the network. Sniffing is used by hackers to get information from a certain network.Sniffing techniques such as DHCP, ARP or WINS sniffing could diverge information such as the workgroup of the network, NetBIOS name of the device, MAC addresses and ip addresses. Creating a Virtual LAN(VLAN) within your network could be one of the best was to prevent hackers from sniffing your network. This is because the VLAN grants access only to authorized ip addresses thus making the broadcast domain smaller. The organization will have different virtual networks and certain information will be limited to only certain people (Mcclure, 2005). Denial of service(DOS) DOS occurs when the real users of a LAN are locked out from using their network. This happens when hackers send unsolicited packets that flood the network. The bandwidth becomes flooded with packets without valid destinations thus making the network slow or the resources inaccessible. This can be countered by filtering the requests that are accessing the network resources and controlling the broadcast messages. Spoofing Ip spoofing is the impersonation of a certain device by sending out a message with another device’s ip address. The destination address is indicated but the source ip is hidden and cannot be traced. To prevent the network from being spoofed,one could use ingress and engress filtering at the router to disqualify packets that are not legitimate. Another way is to use authentication by maintaining an access control list of the range of ip addresses that are eligible to access the network. Encryption of packets could also prevent spoofing (Tanase, 2010).

Pharaoh Thutmose III and the Battle of Megiddo

Pharaoh Thutmose III and the Battle of Megiddo The Battle of Megiddo is the first battle that was recorded in detail and for posterity. Pharaoh Thutmose IIIs military scribe inscribed it in hieroglyphs at Thutmoses temple at Karnak, Thebes (now Luxor). Not only is this the first extant, detailed battle description, but it is the first written reference to the religiously important Megiddo: Megiddo is also known as Armageddon. The Ancient City of Megiddo Historically, Megiddo was an important city because it overlooked the route from Egypt through Syria to Mesopotamia. If an enemy of Egypt controlled Megiddo, it could block the pharaoh from reaching the rest of his empire. In approximately 1479 B.C., Thutmose III, pharaoh of Egypt, led an expedition against the prince of Kadesh who was in Megiddo. The prince of Kadesh (which is on the River Orontes), backed by the king of Mitanni, made a coalition with the heads of Egypts vassal cities of northern Palestine and Syria. Kadesh was in charge. After forming the coalition, the cities openly rebelled against Egypt. In retaliation, Thutmose III attacked. The Egyptians March on Megiddo In the 23rd year of his reign, Thutmose III went to the plains of Megiddo where the prince of Kadesh and his Syrian allies were stationed. The Egyptians marched to the bank of Lake Kaina (Kina), south of Megiddo. They made Megiddo their military base. For the military encounter, the Pharaoh led from the front, brave and impressive in his gilded chariot. He stood in the center between the two wings of his army. The southern wing was on the banks of the Kaina and the northern wing to the northwest of the town of Megiddo. The Asian coalition blocked Thutmoses path. Thutmose charged. The enemy quickly gave way, fled from their chariots, and ran to the Megiddo fortress where their fellows pulled them up the walls to safety. (Remember, this is all from the perspective of the Egyptian scribe writing it to glorify his pharaoh.) The prince of Kadesh escaped from the vicinity. The Egyptians Plunder Megiddo The Egyptians could have pushed on to Lebanon to deal with the other rebels, but instead stayed outside the walls at Megiddo for the sake of plunder. What they had taken from the battlefield may have whetted their appetite. Outside, on the plains, there was plenty to forage, but the people within the fortress were unprepared for a siege. After a few weeks, they surrendered. The neighboring chiefs, not including the prince of Kadesh, who had left after the battle, submitted themselves to Thutmose, offering valuables, including princely sons as hostages. The Egyptian troops entered the fortress at Megiddo to plunder. They took almost a thousand chariots, including the princes, more than 2000 horses, thousands of other animals, millions of bushels of grain, an impressive pile of armor, and thousands of captives. The Egyptians next went north where they captured 3 Lebanese fortresses, Inunamu, Anaugas, and Hurankal. Sources A History of the Ancient Egyptians, by James Henry Breasted. New York: 1908. Charles Scribners Sons.Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents Volume II The Eighteenth Dynasty, by James Henry Breasted. Chicago: 1906. The University of Chicago Press., by Joyce A. TyldesleyHistory of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Vol. IV. by G. Maspero. London: Grolier Society: 1903-1904.A Gate Inscription from Karnak and Egyptian Involvement in Western Asia during the Early 18th Dynasty, by Donald B. Redford. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 99, No. 2. (Apr. - Jun. 1979), pp. 270-287.The Battle of Megiddo, by R. O. Faulkner. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 28. (Dec. 1942), pp. 2-15.The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment, by James M. Weinstein. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 241. (Winter, 1981), pp. 1-28.

Week 5 dq Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 5 dq - Assignment Example   policy  management  direct  system  and the significant roles of  rational  capital  or knowledge of  administration  in organizational  commerce  process  are some of the measures used in strategic control  process.  Balanced scorecard  is used  to align company behaviors to the vision and  policy  of the company, improve internal and  peripheral  communications, and  examine  organization  activities against planned targets (Nooreklit, 2000). The change of  policy  into its  application  is beginning by comprehending the obstacles or difficulties in the process of policy execution. This  context  illustrates how  strategy  formulation is  vital  in every company. Strategic management deals with the  essential  planned  direction  of the  business  in terms of its  association  with its environment. It  is centered  on the company as a whole and could  stress  the  lasting  procedures like the return on savings and alterations in shareholder significance. Policy  control  metrics may be classified as regarding either  peripheral  value or  internal  competence. Flexibility overlies these classifications. It links to  effectiveness  and  competence  (Nooreklit, 2000). Hence, a company must be peripherally flexible in reacting to altering  consumer  needs and internally supple in reordering its organizational arrangements and retraining workers. Internal  competence  measures include cycle time, production and waste. Policy controls may be used as a method of explaining what excellent performance is, making  clear  the trade-offs connecting profit and savings and introducing  persona l  stretch goals. The reason why measures used in planned controlled control  procedure  is  necessary  is because it gives the company a sense of direction. Although objectives, functional tactics, and action  item  are included  in  several  implementation plans, a number of organizations have a  difficult  time reflecting the plans they  create. This is because some organizations

The effect of freezing water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The effect of freezing water - Essay Example The transition phase is the next stage in the process, and it occurs at the stage between freezing and formation of ice blocks. Where water now starts to expand after falling below the 39 degree mark, here, water molecules slow down and start moving away from each other. The molecules form a pattern which is really interesting. The last effect happens when it starts expanding to form ice. When the temperatures drop, the molecules separate and begin to expand in the form of ice; this explains why if water is kept in a water bottle, after ice forms, the bottle might explode. In conclusion, we may not know how just water turns into ice. In the past when fridges were not around, merchants used to sell ice after cutting blocks of ice from frozen lakes and selling them. But now we can actually make our own ice; this is possible through improvement in the technology sector of today. So the next time ice forms, you know what

Communtiy service assignement Essay Example for Free

Communtiy service assignement Essay In your own words, answer the following questions. 1. What does the term ‘risk of significant harm’ mean? Answer q1. If the circumstances that are causing concerns for the safety welfare and wellbeing are present to significant extent. 2. What are the types of child abuse? Answer for q2. 1.physical 2.sexual 3.neglect 4.phychological 3. Identify three possible indicators or signs for each type of child abuse/neglect. Answers q3 1 physical bruising behaviour problems depression anxiety 2 sexual bed wetting ,nightmares , scared of people touching them 3 neglect can be unbathed dirty, little to no food ,too big or small clothing thats dirty 4. What does the term ‘mandatory reporter’ mean? Answer q4 a mandatory reporter is a person that delivers health care education or children services to a child/ren under 16 and authorise by the department community services and required to make reports 5. Why is it important to adopt an ‘interagency approach’? Answer q5 1,promoting a partnership approach to child protection Task 2 Read the case studies below and answer the questions that follow. Jamele You are a worker in a family support agency. Your service offers facilitated playgroups each week to young and isolated mothers. Jamelle is a 1year old and attends each week with her mother. Jamelle is a very timid and does not interact with other children during play time. On a few occasions Jamelle has arrived with several large bruises which Jamelle’s mother has explained as accidents that had occurred whilst Jamelle was attempting to walk by  herself. Jamelle often arrives smelling strongly of stale urine and appearing dirty and unwashed. When they arrived today for the playgroup Jamelle had bloodshot eyes and was very drowsy. Jamelle’s mother reported that Jamelle had not slept well that night and would probably need a lot of sleep today. During the session Jamelle began to vomit. 1. What are the indicators of risk? Answer q1. 1.neglect 2.abuse 3.suspected risk of significant harm 2. How you would respond to this situation? Answer q2 1.document and report to supervisor 2.investigate or possible involvement of police and DOCS 3.call ambulance to protect the health and safety of the child 3. How would you prepare to make a report? Answer q3 1. time and date sign all documented 2.follow all policy and procedures in your work place 3.details of child ,dob name , address phone number, parent or carer if child has disability any back ground if known 4.document what the mother has stated 4. Who would you notify and when? Answer q4 1.immediately discuss situation with your supervisor after you suspect the abuse to the child 5. What actions/work practices you would take as a follow up from the report. Answer q5 1.offer support and help for family 2.services for family eg counselling parental courses 3.comply with your work place policy and procedures Taj You are case worker in a local service that supports families where one of the parents has a mental illness. Your service offers a range of support services, one of which is a weekly support group for children aimed at  reducing isolation and developing coping skills for dealing with a parent with mental illness. Taj is a 10 year old boy who attends the service weekly. Taj is popular with both the staff and his peers and likes to participate in most activities. After the last school holidays, Taj returned to the service a changed child, he has become aggressive and picks fights with his peers. He has also become aggressive towards the other male worker and is isolating himself. Taj has started wearing jumpers and long pants, even on warmer days and refuses to remove any clothing when he shows clear signs of being overheated. During an activity, Taj’s jumper became caught on the table and pulled up revealing a mass of red welts and recent burn scarring on his stomach and back area. Over the last few weeks Taj has drawn some explicit sexual pictures during art activities and has been using very sexualised language. 1. What are the indicators of risk? Answers q1 Aggressive behaviour, picks fights, red welts, bur ns 1.physical 2.sexual 3.neglect 2. How you would respond to this situation? Answer q2 1.ask taj whats happening while on school holidays also contact the family 2. report and document speak to principal and report to your supervisor 3.make a child proctection report to DOCS and police 3. How would you prepare to make a report? Answer q3 names and addresses of the child and his parents or responsible caregiver(s) childs age and gender nature and extent of injury, maltreatment or neglect   approximate date and time the injury, maltreatment or neglect occurred the circumstances in which the injuries, became known to case worker previous injury, abuse/ neglect of the child or siblings  name of the person suspected to have caused the injury, sexual abuse/ neglect any action taken to treat or help the child and sign   any other information the caseworker believes would be helpful What actions/work practices you would take as a follow up from the report. 1 your repsonsibilty regarding the safety welfare or wellbeing of the child does not cease once report has been made docs it is still your responsibilty to use professional resources to provide support appropriate to your role and identify and respond to any concerns for the young childs welfare Karli Karli is a 16 year old resident in a youth refuge. She is quite precocious and outgoing with all the residents. After the first few days, you noticed that she was flirting with one of the male youth workers. This is not an unusual situation and generally does not create major issues. Expectations that staff not engage in any relationship other than a professional helping relationship are clearly outlined in the agency code of conduct, staff recruitment and ongoing professional development and training. You have noticed over the last few weeks that the worker Jackson appears to be flirting back. You have noticed that there is a lot of incidental touching between them and while you have seen no touching that is clearly inappropriate you can â€Å"feel† a lot of sexual energy between them when they are interacting. You have tried to raise it in discussion but Jackson is dismissive and will not engage on the topic. 1. How you would respond to this situation? Answer q1 1.follow your work place policy and procedures 2.report incidents of your observation to your supervisor 3.discuss your concerns with jackson and karli 2. What ethical issues may arise when responding to these situations? Answer q2 1.breaching the client and workers code of ethics 2.client history and vulnerability and mental status 3.disscussion of sexual or romatic relationship have occurred 4.conflict of interest 5.mandatory and disciplinary action for the case worker Task 3 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. Joseph Personal Information about Joseph Date of Birth: 31/10/04 Full Name: Joseph Timothy Drake Address: 13 Short St, Parker Languages spoken: Chinese and English Nationality: Chinese Other children: Only child Mother: Lis’s (09) 7476 9435 Partner: Jake (no number provided) You are a community worker in a multicultural resource centre. Your service runs a range of programs to support and assist people from culturally diverse backgrounds. Many of your clients have limited social resources and one of the programs that is offered is a women’s friendship group which aims to reduce the isolation of women. Lis attends the friendship group each week. Lis lives with her son, Joseph who is 5 years old. She has had a series of failed relationships and is currently seeing Jake who you have never met. Lis has engaged you in a number of conversations over several weeks, where she often breaks down and discloses details about fights she has had with her partner. Last week, Lis recounted the events of the previous weekend, when she forgot to leave the key under the door mat and so her boyfriend broke the front door and came in yelling at Lis. Joseph was still up with her at this time, and Lis continued to say that she was worried Joseph had seen her get hit several times by Jake. Lis appears increasingly concerned that he might do something to Joseph as he keeps threatening her and arriving late at night after drinking. This week Lis turns up to the group with Joseph, although children are not part of the group. Lis mentions she is very upset as Jake had come home late again and there had been some trouble. During the group you notice that Joseph is aggressive with Lis and does not engage with other people. At one point Joseph wets his pants and you organise for a change of clothes. While Lis is changing Joseph you notice a large impact bruise on his back. When you approach Joseph lashes out. 1. Where would you find information on how your service responds to Child Protection issues? Answer q1 1. document and report to supervisor the worries and fears mother has for herself and joseph 2.ask mother consent to fill out incident report 3.mandatory reporting guide 4.multicultural services,internet/google 5.child protection helpline 2. List the legislative acts that govern Child Protection Services in your state/territory. Answer q2 1.family law act 1975 2.law reform act 1995 3.family law amended act 2006 4.national quality standards 5.onbudsman amendment act 1998 6.children and young person (care and protection) act 1998 7.children legislation amendment act 2009

Crossing the Line in Faulkners Barn Burning Essay -- Barn Burning Ess

Crossing the Line in Faulkner's Barn Burning   Ã‚  Ã‚   The American author Joyce Carol Oats, in her Master Race, wrote that "our enemy is by tradition our savior" (Oats 28).   Oats recognized that we often learn more from our enemy than from ourselves.   Whether the enemy is another warring nation, a more prolific writer, or even the person next door, we often can ascertain a tremendous amount of knowledge by studying that opposite party.   In the same way, literature has always striven to provide an insight into human nature through a study of opposing forces.   Often, simply by looking at the binary operations found in any given text, the texts meanings, both hidden and apparent, can become surprising clear.   In William Faulkner's famous short story "Barn Burning," innate binary operations, especially those of the poor versus the rich and the society versus the outsider, allow the reader to gather a new and more acute understanding of the text.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important binary operation in Faulkner's masterpiece is the projected idea of the rich versus the stark reality of the poor.   Throughout the entire work, the scenes of the Snopes family are constantly described in detail and compared to the richness that appears abundant around them.   For example, at the very beginning of the story, the young Colonel Sartoris Snopes is described as "small and wiry like his father" wearing "patched and faded jeans" which are later described as too small (Faulkner 1555).   This poor child, with his tattered clothing, bare feet, and scared-to-the-bone look is juxtaposed against the wealth of the Justice of the Peace's borrowed courtroom--its "close-packed" shelves filled with cans of food, aromatic cheese, and "the silver curve of fish"--th... ...lty, or even the normal versus the audacious.   But, the entire story seems to be focused on two: those of the poor versus the rich and society versus the outsider.   Those two operations allow for, and even demand, a different reading of the text giving us a young Colonel striving to break out of his limitations and become the opposite of what he was.   In the end, Faulkner allows him to succeed.   After his father's death, the young man runs through the woods, forever leaving his family.   The text ends with the powerful line, "he did not look back" (Faulkner 1566). Works Cited Oats, Joyce Carol. "Master Race." The History of Dramatic Theory  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and Criticism. Ed. John Dukore. New York: Harper Collins,   Ã‚   1992. Faulkner, William. "Barn Burning." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 1554-66.

Observation and Description

The teacher used colorful manipulative materials, visual aids, overhead projector, projector screen, blackboard, and chalk in teaching equivalent fractions. The students gathered their desk together and worked in groups.   There were four students in each group.   Each group member has colorful fraction pieces of paper in a plastic bag to help them perform the Mathematical activities on equivalent fractions. The classroom is spacious and there are shelves filled with learning materials.   There is also a television set above the blackboard.   The classroom is well lighted, orderly and the environment is conducive to learning. b. Describe the observed teaching situation in video 2. Students worked in groups.   There are three students in each station.   Every station has a variety of activities designed to help students learn the concepts of geometry.   Students have used the resources available in the station in learning geometry. The classroom is spacious, orderly and well lighted.   There are several learning materials inside the classroom.   The environment is conducive to learning. c. Describe the observed delivery of instruction in video 1. The teacher has an organized way of preparing the class for the lesson.   Before presenting the lesson, the teacher instructed her students to get the materials needed for the Math lesson such as fraction pieces of paper and notebooks.   Then, she asked them to put all the colors of the fraction pieces of paper together so they could easily use the materials. The teacher was able to give instructions in a clear manner.   She initially used her manipulatives and the overhead projector to demonstrate how to find one half of the circle.   This prompted the students to follow what she did and discover different combinations of one half using their fraction pieces of paper. d. Describe the observed delivery of instruction in video 2. The teacher allowed the students to discover the principles of geometry on their own.   She went to the stations to observe and check on what the students are doing.   She guided some students and tell them how other students approach the problem and work on the activities.   Probing was also done when she asked the students â€Å"this one connects to that vertex, is there another one that this one could be connected to?†Ã‚   All instructions given by the teacher were clearly understood by the students. There was a good follow-up on what the students have learned when the teacher asked some students about the types of information that they have used to describe the shapes, and what they have discovered when the vertices were connected.   In addition, she also had a good control of the flow of lesson and classroom situation when she asked the student, who was busy working on the activities in the tangram station, to write a reflection on what they have learned.   The teacher also expressed appreciation on the effort of the students. e. Describe student interaction with the observed instruction in video 1. After the teacher demonstrated how she was able to get the equivalent fractions using her manipulatives, the students use the fraction pieces of paper that they have and they were able to work on their own in discovering the equivalent fractions. The teacher went around the group to ask questions as students work on their fraction pieces of paper.   There were positive interactions between the teacher and the students. f. Describe student interaction with the observed instruction in video 2. Students had positive interactions with their classmates and with the teacher.   They spoke and listened to one another, shared what they have discovered, considered the ideas of their classmates, and sometimes agreed or disagreed with their ideas. Each member of the group contributed to the learning process.   They shared the resources found in their respective stations. Analysis, Exploration, and Reasoning a. Explain the pedagogical purpose of the observed teacher’s lesson in video 1. The teacher has used modeling when she initially demonstrated how to discover the equivalent fractions.   The cooperative learning method has encouraged small groups of students to work together and discover the different combinations of equivalent fractions using the fraction pieces of paper. While working in groups, the active learning environment was established and students learn by performing the activities, discussing their work with their group mates and seeing different combinations of fractions that their group mates have done. b. Explain the pedagogical purpose of the observed teacher’s lesson in video 2. The teacher has used cooperative learning in grouping students in each station.   The activities in each station were structured to help students learn geometry through their own discovery and to make them fully engaged in the learning process. The teacher made some observations, listening and intervening whenever necessary so students can meet the goal in learning the concepts of geometry.   Students have hands-on learning experience, good interaction and cooperation as they share their ideas with their classmates and use the resources that are found in the stations.   This encourages retention of the lesson and appreciation of learning. c. Analyze the observed teacher’s possible purpose for using a specific strategy in video 1. Math is a subject that a lot of students fear and do not appreciate.   The teacher has used her creativity in utilizing manipulatives in teaching fractions to make the lesson interesting to the students. A lot of students are visual learners and the mathematical activities involving the use of colorful manipulatives and overhead projector as visual aids and fraction pieces of paper for hands-on learning develop eye-hand coordination and critical thinking. d. Analyze the observed teacher’s possible purpose for using a specific strategy in video 2. The activities that were structured in every station were observed to be in various levels of difficulty.   Learning about shapes is easy, connecting the vertices and discovering if there are similarities between the number of vertices and the number of lines connecting them has an average level of difficulty.   The tangram station is challenging because students are required to put the polygons together to form some patterns. The possible purpose of using the cooperative learning strategy is to allow students to work at their own pace and within their intellectual capacity.   Asking students to write what they have learned in each station is a good way of checking whether they find the lesson interesting or if they are ready to move to a different station in their next lesson. e. Analyze the impact of the observed teacher’s instructional strategy on student learning in video 1. Students were performing the activities in fractions without realizing that they were adding, subtracting, or multiplying numbers to discover equivalent fractions. Cooperative learning allowed students to work with other students and gain knowledge through their own discovery while interacting with their teacher and with other members of the group. f. Analyze the impact of the observed teacher’s instructional strategy on student learning in video 2. All students were fully engaged in the activities.   Cooperative learning led students to engage in a lot of discussions, sharing of ideas and critical thinking. Students are learning the principles of geometry through hands-on activities.   They also learn through exploration and discovery.   With the variety of activities, students are not bored and they appreciate the lesson.

African American-European American Iat Essay

The version of the IAT, that I chose to take is the African American – European American IAT. There were a few steps in order to complete the test; the first step was to fill out information about myself. The questions that I answered were related to my age my educational status, nationality, religious beliefs and my current state of employment. The next step of the test was to choose either ‘E,† or ‘I,† to indicate my choice of African American for a picture of a African American or European American for a picture of a European American. The next series of questions asked me to select either African American grouped with â€Å"bad,† or European American with â€Å"good’. Another series of questions was visually posed this time with, African American grouped with good and European American grouped with bad. The results show that data suggests a strong automatic preference for European American’s compared to African Americans. My automatic preference was toward European Americans. The results of this test aren’t very surprising to me. In class we were told how the test would go, so I already knew what to expect. There was a small bit of doubt whether or not the test would indicate a strong preference for one or the other at all though, because I am Hispanic. I would have speculate that based on the fact that I grew up primarily in white suburbia in a private school that almost exclusively consisted of all white students, that my preference is a subconscious choice. I am most familiar with European Americans therefore I chose them over African Americans. There is a distinction between implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes, that distinction is simple. Implicit attitudes are the attitudes that we don’t think about, they are automatic. Explicit attitudes are the attitudes that are consciously controlled. According to Gawronski and Bodenhausen, in the text, Social Psychology,†Our automatic implicit attitudes regarding someone or something often differ from our consciously controlled, explicit attitudes†(p.51). From the results of the IAT that I took, I would have to say that my implicit attitudes towards African Americans, do not match my explicit attitudes about African Americans. The reason that I believe that my implicit attitudes are different from my explicit attitudes is that I usually make a conscious decision to be friendly and welcoming to any person that I come in contact with regardless of gender, race, age, or sexual orientation. The results are mildly surprising, however, I believe that I am more accustomed to being in the company of European Americans, and therefore I show a distinct implicit attitude favoring them. Implicit attitudes are a dangerous thing; we should pay particular attention to how we label people explicitly, so that with time, we can manipulate our unconscious attitudes and impulse reactions to certain people. A good example of problems that people run into with their improper mind set comes to us from our text, Social Psychology. Age is the example Bugental and Hehman used in 2007, when they discovered that people treat the elderly differently than they do people whom are younger, they explain that â€Å"People’s perceptions of the elderly- as generally kind but frail, incompetent, and unproductive- predispose patronizing behavior†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 308). It’s that attitude that people hold about the elderly that according to Bugental and Hehman, â€Å"predispose patronizing behavior, such as baby-talk speech that leads elderly people to feel less competent and act less capably’ (p. 308). It is important that we change our thinking, because if we continue to have the same biases, we not only do our selves a disservice in being implicitly and or explicitly inappropriate in our attitudes, but we also risk the chance of hurting others in our actions. Works Cited Myers, D. C. (2010). Social psychology (10th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Pages 51,308 Psych 312 Extra Credit 10pts 5-8-13 Eli J. Guymon Gender – Career IAT The second test that I took was the gender – career IAT. Before the test began, I was asked to report my beliefs about women versus men in the work force and women versus men in the home life. The second set of questions asked me to fill out information about myself. The questions that I answered were, what is my age, my educational status, nationality, religious beliefs and my current state of employment. Following those questions were questions about my family growing up, they wanted to know if I had a mother as a primary care giver, and if she worked outside of the home, specifying what she did for a living, and if there was a secondary caregiver, such as a father or step father, where they employed outside the home, and what their occupation was. The next step of the test was to choose either ‘E,† or ‘I,† to indicate my choice. The groupings in the first series of visual concepts to match were men’s names with the word men and women’s names with the word women. The next step was to match men with career minded words and women with household related words. Finally in the final sets of matching words the groupings were reversed so that men and household related items were a pair and women with career minded words belonged together. According to the results, data suggested little or no association between male and female with career and family. I did not have a automatic preference. My explicit and implicit attitudes match, I do not consciously nor do I subconscious place anyone in a group that favors either individual in the work place or family. I am not surprised by my results because I was raised in a home where my mother was a primary care giver but I also received care giving from my step father. Both my mother and my step father worked outside of the home. Both my mother and my step father shared responsibilities equally except where one person seemed to enjoy a task more than the other, that partner would assume say a specific domestic role that the other was happy to not have to do. For an example of a domestic role that both of my parents needed to be done but one seemed to favor it over the other, grilling outside, was my step fathers domestic role because my mother did not enjoy doing that work, and my step father rarely did his own laundry, because it was a task that my mother felt comfortable doing by herself.

Example Letter to Senator Regarding STD Prevention

Example Letter to Senator Regarding STD Prevention Free Online Research Papers Example Letter to Senator Regarding STD Prevention Ms. Senator, In order to better prepare you for your decision regarding the abstinence-only sex education funding, let me provide you with some background information about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Once you have a clear understanding about STDs, I will compare the costs, benefits and effectiveness of the abstinence-only programs versus safe-sex programs. As soon these issues are explained I will present a recommendation for your vote on the issue. The term sexually transmitted disease encompasses a large variety of diseases, all of which have two similar characteristics. In order to be classified as an STD, a disease must be both contagious and have the ability to spread through sexual contact (Campbell 2004). All STDs fall into 1 of 4 categories: viral, bacterial, protozoan and fungal (Campbell 2004). Modern medicine currently can generally cure all of these STD types except the viral type (Campbell 2004). Some of the major viral STDs affecting the U.S. include genital herpes, genital warts, AIDS and HIV infection (Campbell 2004). The most common bacterial, protozoan or fungal STDs in the U.S. are chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis and yeast infections (Campbell 2004). Although many forms of STDs can be cured, STDs still remain a major public health concern according to the Center for Disease Control, or the CDC (Trends 2005). In the 2004 STD Surveillance Report, the center reports that STDs not only causing substantial health problems to victims in the U.S., but considerable psychological and financial expenses as well. One estimate found in this article suggests that medical costs associated with STDs total 13 billion dollars annually (Trends 2005). Despite the progress made in the U.S. in terms of diagnosing and treating many types of STDs, the CDC estimates that there are still 19 million new infections each year, with almost half of these infections occurring in people ages 15-24 (Trends 2005). Now that you have some of the relevant information regarding this issue, I will discuss and compare the two programs that are attempting to prevent the spreading of STDs. In 2004, the federal government funded three programs which were dedicated to teaching the benefits of abstinence-only behavior to teens (Fact 2004). In accordance with federal regulation, these programs are designed to educate teens on the basics of sexual intercourse, while promoting the benefits of abstinence. These programs receive more than 165 million a year in federal grants, funds, and resources (Fact 2004). The primary benefit of these programs is that they focus on abstinence which is biologically and scientifically more effective for avoiding STDs than any contraceptive (Campbell 2004). Additionally, in recent years one study shows teen sex rates dropping from 54 percent in 1991 to 47 percent in 2003 (Maher 2005). However, this progress can not be solely attributed to abstinence-only programs, as other comprehensive sexual education programs have contributed to this accomplishment (Fact 2004). In fact, even though abstinence programs have demonstrated effectiveness in the delaying of sexual intercourse, studies have shown that federally funded abstinence-only programs either neglect to teach about the use of contraceptives, or censor vital information about these resources (Fact 2004). The instructors neglect to present this information because they fear increased failure rates in abstinent-only programs as a result of teaching about the benefits of contraception (Fact 2004). Studies by such groups as the CDC have shown that teens who were involved in abstinence-only programs are statistically less likely to use contraception during intercourse and therefore inc rease their chances of transmitting/receiving infection as a result (Fact 2004). According to the Heritage Research Organization, over 653 million dollars was spent on the federal government for safe-sex or contraceptive programs in 2002 (Pardue 2004). Through examination of these program types, the biggest downfall is that studies have shown that teens may leave with the idea that it is acceptable to have sexual relations (Federal 1997). However, many safe-sex programs around the country teach abstinence as a possible solution for avoiding STDs, in addition to other contraceptive methods (Federal 1997). This allows for safe-sex program to utilize the benefits of abstinence and contraception. The primary benefit of contraceptive programs is they have been scientifically proven to be more effective than abstinent-only programs in terms of lowering the chances of risky sexual behavior (NIH 2004). This idea has gained strong support in the scientific community by agencies such as The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the American Medical Association (AMA ) (Fact 2004). For example, in 1997, an independent panel (convened by the NIH) released scientific studies which concluded that safe-sex programs are more effective in reducing precarious sexual behavior in both teen and adult populations (NIH 2004). This outcome is attributed by researchers to the ability of comprehensive safe-sex programs to delay the first instance of intercourse, reduce the total number of sexual partners, and increase rate of contraceptive usage among teens (Fact 2004). Furthermore, studies have shown that the majority of parents and teachers desire for their kids to receive information about the use of contraceptives. After analyzing the data concerning this case, I recommend eliminating federal funding for abstinence-only programs. Based on the facts, the money allocated to these programs would be better spent on safe-sex education (NIH 2004). This idea is backed by an overwhelming majority of parents and teachers, as well as many of the largest health organizations and scientific communities in the U.S. (Fact 2004). In conclusion, it is our responsibility to protect the youth from the dangers of STDs. To do this we must equip them with the tools necessary to make informed decisions. Science has proven the most effective way of achieving this goal is through the use comprehensive safe-sex programs. Sincerly, Jon Doe Research Papers on Example Letter to Senator Regarding STD PreventionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is Art

Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids

Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids Dictyoptera means network wings, referring to the visible network of veins present in the wings of this order. The superorder Dictyoptera includes orders of insects related by evolution and features: Blattodea (sometimes called Blattaria), the cockroaches, and Mantodea, the mantids. That being said, the world of science is ever-evolving, and taxonomy is no exception. This branch of the insect taxonomic tree is currently under revision. Some insect taxonomists also group termites in the superorder Dictyoptera. In some entomology references, the Dictyoptera may be ranked at the order level, with the mantids and roaches listed as suborders. Description: Perhaps no other pairing of insects seems as unlikely as cockroaches and mantids of the order Dictyoptera. Cockroaches are almost universally reviled, while mantids, also called praying mantises, are often revered. Taxonomists rely only on physical and functional characteristics to determine groups of like insects, however. Compare a cockroach and a mantid, and youll notice both have leathery forewings. Called tegmina, these wings are held like a roof over the abdomen. Roaches and mantids have long and spiny middle and hind legs. Their feet, or tarsi, nearly always have five segments. Dictyopterans use chewing mouthparts to consume their food, and have long, segmented antennae. Both cockroaches and mantids also share a few anatomical features that you would only see through close examination and dissection, but theyre important clues to establishing the relationship between these seemingly different insect groups. Insects have a platelike sternite near the end of their abdomens, under the genitalia, and in the Dictyoptera, this genital plate is enlarged. Roaches and mantids also share a special digestive system structure. Between the foregut and midgut, they have a gizzard-like structure called a  proventriculus, and in the Dictyoptera the  proventriculus has internal teeth that break down solid bits of food before sending them along the alimentary canal. Finally, in roaches and mantids, the tentorium – a skull-like structure in the head that cradles the brain and gives the head capsule its form – is perforated. Members of this order undergo incomplete or simple metamorphosis with three stages of development: egg, nymph, and adult. The female lays eggs in groups, then encases them in foam which hardens into a protective capsule, or ootheca. Habitat and Distribution: The superorder Dictyoptera contains nearly 6,000 species, distributed worldwide. Most species live in terrestrial habitats in the tropics. Major Families in the Superorder: Blattidae - Oriental and American cockroachesBlattellidae- German and wood cockroachesPolyphagidae - desert cockroachesBlaberidae - giant cockroachesMantidae - mantids Dictyopterans of Interest: Blatta orientalis, the Oriental cockroach, gains access to homes through plumbing pipes.The brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, is called the TV roach. It likes to hide inside warm electronic appliances.Brown-hooded cockroaches (Cryptocercus punctulatus) live in family groups. Females give birth to live young; the nymphs take 6 years to reach maturity.The Mediterranean mantid takes its scientific name, Iris oratoria from an unusual marking on the underside of its wing. Literally, the name means talking eye, a smart description of the eyespot which is displayed when the mantid feels threatened. Sources: Dictyoptera, Kendall Bioresearch Services. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton Kenn KaufmanDictyoptera, Tree of Life Web. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Evolution of the Insects, by David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel.External Anatomy - The Insects Head, by John R. Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology. Accessed online November 9, 2015.Unlikely Sisters – Roaches and  Mantises, by Nancy Miorelli, Ask an Entomologist website. Accessed online November 9, 2015.